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Linha 1: Baskets With a good strength-to-weight ratio, wood is an economical structural material. It does not require very sophisticated equipment to construct a box or crate, and for very rigid structures in small quantities, it is the material of choice. Fresh fruits and vegetables often are packed in baskets made from thin wood veneer. The baskets come in several different styles, and in sizes that were established by the Standard Container Acts of 1916 and 1928. Berry baskets, known in the trade as small goods, are made in pint and quart sizes as well as tills (larger oblongs). The climax style is oval with a board bottom, and comes in 24-, and 12-qt (22.7- and 11.4-L) sizes. Round continuous stave baskets with a rounded board bottom usually have a handle on each side and can be supplied with stave covers. Hampers come in the same sizes as the round-bottom baskets, but are taller and narrower (see Figures 15.7 and 15.8). Barrels Originated more than 2,000 years ago, barrels embody several sound engineering principles (see Figure 15.9). The staves are arched in two planes, forming the ideal eggshell for maximum strength. The bilge (bulge) makes the barrel easy to roll and convenient to upend. The flat ends provide a stable bottom for storage, and the hoops may be worked down toward the bilge to draw the staves together and make the barrel leakproof, at the same time locking the head into the croze (groove in the staves). A barrel is like a container on wheels. It can be rolled easily by one person, and because of its bilge, pivots readily and can be guided in any direction. Upending is accomplished by rocking back and forth on the bilge, and the chime provides a convenient handle for giving the final tug to stand the barrel on end. A barrel differs from a drum in being bulged. Other terms are cask, which is a large tight barrel; keg, a small tight barrel of 10 gal (37.9 L) or less; tierce, a barrel of 42-gal (159-L) capacity; firkin; and a tub that holds 56 lb (25.4 kg) of butter. (Strictly speaking, a tub is smaller than a firkin and holds only about 4 gal (15 L). A pail is larger at the top than the bottom and, by definition, has a handle or bail for carrying. A kit is an upside-down pail that is smaller at the top than the bottom. Wood is prone to attack by moisture, insects, and fire. However, in recent years Food and Drug Administration-approved nontoxic sealants have been developed to treat lumber and create a product called enhanced wood. Containers made from treated wood can be washed and steam cleaned repeatedly, are flame retardant, and resist molds, mildews, and insects. Barrels generally are divided into two classes, tight to hold liquids and slack for dry products. Tight barrels are usually coated on the inside, depending on the type of product to be packed. Wax often is used as a lining material for aqueous products, silicate of soda for oily materials, and glue for alcohol-based liquids other than food products. ~~For small packages or for large quantities of packages, however, wood~~ does not lend itself to high-speed operations or automatic assembly; it therefore has a high labor factor in relation to material cost. It also is bulky and often presents a problem of storage space and shipping cubage. If rigidity, stacking strength, protection from the hazards of shipping, and light weight are essential, it is difficult to find a better material than wood. But if protection from moisture or atmosphere, rapid assembly, ready availability, or attractive appearance are more important, then wooden containers may not be the best answer. {{AutoCat}}

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